Chapter 17: Opposition to Slavery Begins with Heroic Black Leaders

Despite the negative stereotyping, segregation and harsh statues they encounter, black freedmen in the North begin their uphill struggle to make their way in American society.

Their foundation often lies in black churches which provide safe havens and community support. Among these are the Baptist Church of Martin Luther King’s forefathers and the unique African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. Herein are the early ministers who preach hope for a better future: the Reverends Thomas Paul, Richard Allen and Absalom Jones among them.

Their messages are reinforced by other blacks who have found success and are intent on giving back to their brethren. James Forten, a skilled sail-maker, whose business flourishes during the war with Britain. Paul Cuffee who makes his fortune as a ship-builder and merchant. Prince Hall, founder of African Masonic Lodge #459 in Philadelphia and many others to follow. Pamphleteer David Walker whose Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World cries out for freedom and justice to avoid potential violence.

Together their answer here lies not in flight back to Africa but to genuine citizenship in America.