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Civilization Specific Charts
Norte Chico / Andes Civilization – Annotated Table
Metric | Details | Footnotes |
---|
Date | c. 3000–1800 BCE | 1, 7, 8 |
Domesticated Crops | Cotton, squash, beans, sweet potato, avocado, guava | 2, 7, 12 |
Domesticated Animals | Llamas, alpacas, guinea pigs | 3, 9, 10 |
Notable Sites | Caral, Aspero, Bandurria, Huaricanga | 4, 7, 8 |
Primary Foods | Anchovies, sardines (marine-based diet), squash, beans, sweet potato | 2, 5, 12 |
River Systems / Geography | Supe River Valley and nearby desert-fed coastal rivers, nourished by Andean glacial runoff | 6, 7, 8 |
Modern Countries | Peru | 7 |
Footnotes
- Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, p. 140. Identifies Supe Valley as an early urban zone.
- Diamond, GGS, pp. 110–111. Cotton used for nets; crop domestication context.
- Diamond, GGS, pp. 162–163. Discusses llama, alpaca, and guinea pig domestication.
- Diamond, GGS, p. 140. Describes ceremonial centers though not named.
- Diamond, GGS, pp. 110–111. Marine food sources mentioned in economic context.
- Diamond, GGS, p. 140. Geography and river-fed desert zones discussed.
- William H. McNeill, A World History, p. 113. Identifies Peru as an early civilizational hub with native crops.
- UNESCO – Sacred City of Caral-Supe. Caral recognized as one of the oldest American cities.
- Florida Museum – Andean Domestication. Cites llama, alpaca, and guinea pig use.
- OER Project – Agrarian Societies. Overview of animal and crop use in Andean societies.
- Ancient Origins – Norte Chico. Explains trade and marine economy structure.
- LAC Geo – Norte Chico. Focuses on cotton’s role in economic development.
Timeline Sources
Mesopotamia
Period | Dates | Details |
---|
Sumer | c. 3100–2000 BCE | First urban society; city-states like Uruk, Lagash, Ur; invention of writing.1, 6, 10 |
Akkadian Empire | c. 2334–2154 BCE | Sargon of Akkad unites Mesopotamia under the first empire.2, 7, 11 |
Ur III Dynasty | c. 2112–2004 BCE | Neo-Sumerian resurgence under Ur-Nammu; administrative centralization.3, 7, 12 |
Old Babylonian Period | c. 1894–1595 BCE | Hammurabi unifies much of Mesopotamia; early law code.3, 7, 13 |
Assyrian Empire | c. 2025–609 BCE | Military powerhouse; Nineveh, Ashur; massive imperial expansion.4, 8, 14 |
Neo-Babylonian Empire | 626–539 BCE | Babylon revived under Nebuchadnezzar II; cultural golden age.4, 15 |
Achaemenid Persian Rule | 539–331 BCE | Cyrus the Great conquers Babylon; integrates it into Persian Empire.5, 16 |
Seleucid Empire | 312–63 BCE | Hellenistic rule following Alexander the Great’s conquest.9, 17 |
Parthians & Sassanids | 247 BCE–651 CE | Persian dynasties dominate Mesopotamia before the Islamic conquest.9, 18, 19 |
Islamic Conquest | 633–638 CE | Rashidun Caliphate incorporates Mesopotamia.20 |
Umayyad Caliphate | 661–750 CE | Centralized rule from Damascus; further expansion.21 |
Abbasid Caliphate | 750–1258 CE | Baghdad becomes capital; Mesopotamia thrives intellectually and economically.22 |
Ottoman Iraq | 1534–1918 CE | Provinces of Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul under Ottoman rule.23 |
British Mandate | 1920–1932 CE | League of Nations mandate; establishment of Hashemite monarchy.24 |
Kingdom of Iraq | 1932–1958 CE | Independent monarchy under King Faisal II; ended by revolution.25 |
Republic of Iraq | 1958–present | Modern state with history of coups, wars, and recent reconstruction.26 |
Footnotes
- McNeill, William H. A World History, pp. 22–23. Describes Sumerian urbanization, irrigation, and early writing systems.
- McNeill, p. 52. Covers Sargon of Akkad and the formation of the first Mesopotamian empire.
- McNeill, p. 52. Describes the rise of Ur III and the administrative role of Babylon under Hammurabi.
- McNeill, p. 70. Discusses the Neo-Babylonian and Assyrian empires as centralizing powers.
- McNeill, p. 146. Describes Persian (Achaemenid) conquest of Babylon by Cyrus the Great.
- McNeill, pp. 32–33. Additional details on metallurgy, city life, and early Mesopotamian advances.
- Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs, and Steel, pp. 93–94. Connects early state formation to food surpluses in regions like Mesopotamia.
- McNeill, p. 70. On Assyrian military power and control of Mesopotamia.
- McNeill, p. 146. Discusses post-Alexander Hellenistic (Seleucid) and Persian (Parthian, Sassanid) periods.
- History.com – “Sumer.”
- World History Encyclopedia – “Sargon of Akkad.”
- World History Encyclopedia – “Ur-Nammu.”
- History.com – “Hammurabi.”
- Wikipedia – “Assyria.”
- Wikipedia – “Nebuchadnezzar II.”
- Britannica – “Cyrus the Great.”
- Wikipedia – “Seleucid Empire.”
- World History Encyclopedia – “Parthian Empire.”
- World History Encyclopedia – “Sassanid Empire.”
- Wikipedia – “History of Iraq” (Islamic conquest section).
- Wikipedia – “Umayyad Caliphate.”
- Britannica – “Abbasid Caliphate.”
- Wikipedia – “Ottoman Iraq.”
- Wikipedia – “Mandatory Iraq.”
- Wikipedia – “Kingdom of Iraq.”
- Wikipedia – “Modern History of Iraq.”